Internal Combustion Engine

There are various internal combustion engines in existence. These engines are usually categorized according to their physical layout (inline/ straight, flat/ boxer, V, and W), the number of cylinders they contain (single, twin/ two, four, six, eight, ten, twelve, and sixteen), and the type of fuel they use (petrol/ gasoline, gas, and diesel).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Internal Combustion Engine specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More So for example, one may come across a ‘V12 petrol engine’ or a ‘four cylinder diesel engine. As can be seen from the two examples aforementioned, all the defining aspects/ attributes of the engines have been captured in their names. Due to the different characteristics (e.g., weight, size, number of cylinders) and working principles (e.g. magneto, coil, number of strokes per cycle, fuel injection or carburetor systems) of internal combustion engines, the different engine types are used for a varied number of applications. The following is a small summery of the five most common engine types according to the type of fuel that they use. Gasoline Engines They are also referred to as petrol engines, and as the name suggests, run on petrol. They are commonly used to propel small and medium sized motor vehicles, motorcycles, aircraft, motorboats, lawn mowers, portable electricity generators, and chainsaws. These engines have several advantages which include: -are cheaper to produce and acquire compared to their diesel equivalents -they are not as noisy as diesel engines -their spare parts are cheaper to buyAdvertising Looking for report on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The disadvantages on the other hand include: -they are less efficient over longer journeys -they usually have a lower resale value -heavier petrol engine vehicles need to be driven harder to enable overtakin g maneuvers. This leads to increased fuel consumption. b) Gas Engine (Spark Ignition) The term ‘spark ignition’ refers to the use of electric sparks to ignite/ cause fuel to combust. These sparks are developed when a high voltage current is forced to ‘jump’ across a small gap. The phrase ‘Gas Engine’ however, is an ambiguous term which could imply/ refer to an internal combustion engine which runs on either petrol, Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG), Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), hydrogen, bio-ethanol, methanol, ethanol, or nitro-methane. The advantages and disadvantages of these engines vary slightly from one fuel type to the other, but some common similarities do exist, i.e.:Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Internal Combustion Engine specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Advantages -are cheaper to produce and acquire compared to their diesel equivalents -they are not as noisy as dies el engines -their spare parts are cheaper to buy The disadvantages on the other hand include: -they are less efficient over longer journeys -they usually have a lower resale valueAdvertising Looking for report on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More -heavier spark ignition engine vehicles need to be driven harder to enable overtaking maneuvers. This leads to increased fuel consumption. c) Oil Burning Diesel Engines These are basically just normal diesel engines that can be found on an ordinary vehicle. However, instead of running them purely on diesel, the owners of such engines usually add a small amount of used engine oil to the fuel (diesel). This process is commonly done to ships, big/ heavy duty trucks, and tractors. Such engines have various advantages like: -they help in reducing wastage by recycling used engine oil -they are cheaper to run as they use oil which most people have no use for and thus attach no value to them. -they are more flexible as they can run on either diesel or petrol, or even a blend of the two. The disadvantages are that: -they produce a lot of smoke which contributes to environmental pollution -they require special care due to the possibility of damage which might be caused by metal particles in t he recycled oil. d) Gas Diesel Engines The idea of such an engine was necessitated by the need for a fuel efficient engine with minimal resulting harmful emissions. This led scientists to develop an internal combustion engine that incorporated the highly fuel efficient technologies found in diesel engines but ran on the more environmentally friendly petrol. The result is a ‘gas-powered diesel engine’ that is about twice as economical as a petrol engine and cleaner than a diesel engine (Nguyen, 2011). This engine is not commonly used commercially as the technology behind it is still in the research and development phase. The advantages of these engines are that; -it is almost twice as economical as a petrol engine -it has much few carbon emissions than a diesel engine. The disadvantage is that: -it is about twenty five percent less powerful than a regular gas/ petrol or diesel engine at full throttle. e) Dual-fuel diesel Engines, Dual-fuel is a device/ gadget that have b een developed by ‘Clean Air Power’ to work with the standard original equipment manufacturers of standard diesel engines. Dual-fuel works by injecting a mixture of natural gas and air into the combustion chamber of the diesel engine. This mixture cannot ignite spontaneously like diesel under compression by the cylinder; therefore, a small charge (about 10 percent of the total energy of the fuel) of diesel is injected to the main mixture of gas and air to act like a multitude of microscopic spark-plugs that ignites the mixture (Richard, 2010). This technology has been confirmed to work on DAF’s and Mercedes’ heavy duty diesel truck engines. Advantages of these engines are: -they have fewer carbon emissions than standard diesel engines -they can run entirely on diesel alone -they can run on gas -they are more efficient than diesel engines Despite all the differences in working principles of the above mentioned engine types, they all share a significant numbe r of key elements and components. The most obvious element shared by internal combustion engines is the aspect of compression and ignition of a fuel charge. Although the processes involved may vary for different engine configurations (e.g. in a four stroke engine this process occurs over a 720 degree revolution of the crankshaft, where you have the ‘intake stroke’, followed by the ‘compression stroke’, next is the ‘power stroke’, and finally you have the ‘exhaust stroke’, with each engine stroke taking place over a 180 degree revolution of the crank shaft. In contrast to this, in a two stroke engine this process occurs over a 360 degree rotation of the crankshaft, owing to the lack of dedicated ‘intake’ and ‘exhaust strokes’.), these two elements exist over all engine configurations and fuel types. The most important parts of internal combustion engines (all engines) are the crankcase/ engine block, the pi stons, connecting rods, cylinders, and crankshaft. The crankcase is usually cast or drilled from a light-metal material (usually iron pr aluminum) in order to keep the overall weight of the engine down hence increasing its efficiency. The crankcase, in addition to housing and protecting the crank shaft and connecting rods, also serves as an oil container and a rigid structure for connecting the transmission to the engine (John, 2004). A piston is a part of the engine that moves in a reciprocating manner inside the cylinder/ combustion chamber. It is responsible for the transfer of power produced by the exploding gases in the combustion chamber, to the crankshaft through a connecting rod that is usually attached to it. It also acts as an intake and exhaust valve in a two-stroke internal combustion engine. Earlier pistons were made from cast iron, but the need for lighter engine components resulted to the adoption of cast aluminum alloys (Nazrul, 2013). The cylinder is the top hollow part of the engine block. It is mostly cast from aluminum and iron to minimize on weight. The cylinder in an internal combustion engine acts as a housing for the piston. It also guides the movement of the piston during the various engine strokes, and it is where the combustion of fuel charges takes place. The other component is the crankshaft. It spins in a circular motion in correspondence to the connecting rods’ movements. They also normally act as the output shaft in a reciprocating internal combustion engine, and either be connected to a gearbox/ transmission or be bolted on directly to whatever device that needs to be driven. Crankshafts are usually either forged or cast from iron and steel (McFarland, 2009). With the information that has been highlighted in the foregoing documentation, it suffices to explain how internal combustion engines work. First off is the ‘four-stroke petrol engine. When the piston (the yellow part of the image) moves downwards, a vacuum i s created inside the cylinder, the intake valve opens (the blue part of the image), and a charge of petrol mixed with air is injected into the cylinder. This is called the ‘intake-stroke’. After reaching the Bottom Dead Center (BDC), the intake valve closes and the piston starts to ascend, thereby compressing the air-fuel mixture in the process. This is the ‘compression stroke’. At Top Dead Center (TDC), a spark is introduced by the spark-plug and the fuel charge is ignited. This results to expansion of gases inside the cylinder, thereby pushing the piston downwards. This is represents the ‘power stroke’. The piston then begins to ascend, aping the compression stroke. The exhaust valves (the red part of the diagram) open during this stroke to allow the expulsion of burnt gases from the cylinder. This is called the ‘exhaust stroke’. These engine strokes occur over a 720 degree revolution of the crankshaft (the purple part). A four-s troke diesel engine works in the same manner, the only difference being that during the intake stroke, only air is injected into the cylinder. The air heats-up during the compression stroke, and at TDC diesel is injected into the cylinder and spontaneously combusts when it comes into contact with the hot air. This is the reason why diesel engines do not have spark-plugs. For a two-stroke petrol engine, the previously mentioned processes of intake, compression, ignition, and exhaustion are accomplished with only two revolutions of the crankshaft. During the intake stroke (which is also the power stroke), a vacuum is created inside the cylinder and this forces a mixture of petrol and air to rush in to occupy the empty cylinder as shown by the arrow on the above diagram. The mixture is compressed during the compression stroke (which also serves as the exhaust stroke). At TDC, a spark is introduced and the charge is ignited. The two-stroke diesel engine works in a similar manner, the di fference being that only air is injected into the cylinder during the intake stroke, and that instead of a spark being introduced at TDC, diesel is injected into the cylinder leading to spontaneous combustion of the fuel charge. A fundamental component of the internal combustion engine is the fueling/ fuel system. For a diesel engine, it comprises of a fuel tank, injection pump, and injection nozzles. The injection pump is responsible for delivering highly pressurized fuel to the injection nozzles, which atomize the fuel before injecting it into the combustion chamber. The basic fueling system of a petrol engine employs the use of a carburetor like the one shown below. Air rushes in through the air intake manifold creating a region of low pressure when the throttle is opened. The pressure difference forces a fine jet of atomized petrol to flow from the float chamber, and mix with the incoming air. This mixture then flows into the cylinder where it is ignited by a spark to produce power. The spark is produced by the ignition system which usually consists of a source of electric current (either a battery or a magneto), a condenser, and a spark plug as shown below. The coil draws and amplifies current and the passes it to the condenser which further amplifies it to about 25000 volts before it is sent to the spark plug. References John, K. (2004, ). FPO IP Research Communities.  Crankcase for an internal combustion engine – DaimlerChrysler AG. Web. McFarland, J. (2009, February). Crankshaft Tech – Let’s Torque About Crankshafts.  CIRCLE TRACK. Web. Nazrul, I. (2013, ). Academia.edu – Share research.  Design and construction of a piston for four stroke single cylinder S.I. engine by die-casting | AKM Nazrul Islam -Academia.edu. Web. Nguyen, T. (2011, 23). SmartPlanet – Innovative Ideas That Impact Your World.  Gas powered diesel engine may double fuel efficiency | SmartPlanet. Web. Richard, H. (2010,). Clean Air Power dual fuel technology natural gas components.  DUAL-FUEL TECHNOLOGY. Web. This report on Internal Combustion Engine was written and submitted by user Morgan V. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Start Writing When You Dont Feel Like It

How to Start Writing When You Dont Feel Like It How to Start Writing When You Dont Feel Like It How to Start Writing When You Dont Feel Like It By Michael As a professional editor and copywriter, my biggest problem with clients is not that I get poorly written material from them. Oh no, not by a long shot. My biggest problem is I dont get anything from them at all. I dont mind the grammar or spelling or punctuation mistakes that my clients make. I just want them to write something. Theyre the experts on the subject, not me. My job is to edit and rewrite. But as long as their wisdom is bottled up in their heads, I cant do my job. If you care about something, you can probably talk about it, if you can talk at all. The strong silent types might need a little extra help. But the rest of us just need to prime the pump, to get the words flowing and the wisdom pouring. If your hours in the English classroom has left you with a chronic writers block (a problem which is almost epidemic), then learn to write differently. When writing is hard for you, how can you get started? Write about what you care about, and write to someone who cares. If you have to write about your business but cant get started, pretend your husband wants to know what you do for a living. Write an email or write a letter to him. If youre writing a paper for school, imagine that your teacher is really interested in reading every word you write. Too much to imagine? Pretend that youre writing an article for your favorite magazine. Or pretend youre writing to your grandmother or your best friend or your long-lost childhood friend. If you cant find someone who cares about what you have to say, imagine someone who does care. For example, I care. Dont you feel better already? If the thought of writing an email or letter still makes your words bottle up, make a phone call. Leave a long answering machine message for yourself, and then type up what you said. Call a friend and have them take notes while you talk. Anything to let the words loose. You may not be impressed with what comes out. But the sooner you get your wisdom out of your head and into your fingers or onto paper, the sooner you can make it better. No chance of improvement until you start. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Words for Facial Expressions"Confused With" and "Confused About""To Tide You Over"

Okinawa Geography and 10 Fast Facts

Okinawa Geography and 10 Fast Facts Okinawa, Japan is a prefecture (similar to a state in the United States) that is made up of hundreds of islands in southern Japan. The islands comprise a total of 877 square miles (2,271 square kilometers) and has a population of over 1.3 million. Okinawa Island is the largest of these islands and its where Naha, capital of Okinawa Prefecture, is located. Okinawa made headlines around the world when a magnitude 7.0 earthquake struck the prefecture on February 26, 2010. Little damage was reported from the earthquake, but a tsunami warning was issued for the Okinawa Islands, as well as the nearby Amami Islands and the Tokara Islands. There are ten important facts to know when learning about or  traveling to Okinawa, Japan: The main set of islands making up Okinawa is called the Ryukyu Islands. The islands are then further divided into three regions called the Okinawa Islands, the Miyako Islands, and the Yaeyama Islands.Most of Okinawas islands are made up of coral rocks and limestone. Over time, the limestone has eroded in many places throughout the various islands and as a result, many caves have formed. The most famous of these caves is called Gyokusendo.Because Okinawa has abundant coral reefs, its islands also have a plethora of sea animals. Sea turtles are common in the southernmost islands, while jellyfish, sharks, sea snakes, and several types of venomous fish are widespread.Okinawas climate is considered subtropical with an average August high temperature of 87 degrees F (30.5 degrees C). Much of the year can also be rainy and humid. The average low temperature for January, Okinawas coldest month, is 56 degrees F (13 degrees C).Because of its climate, Okinawa produces sugar cane, pineapple, pap aya, and has many botanical gardens. Historically, Okinawa was a separate kingdom from Japan and was controlled by the Chinese Qing Dynasty after the area was annexed in 1868. At that time, the islands were called Ryukyu in native Japanese and Liuqiu by the Chinese. In 1872, Ryukyu was annexed by Japan and in 1879, it was renamed the Okinawa Prefecture.During World War II, there was a Battle of Okinawa in 1945, which led to Okinawa being controlled by the United States. In 1972, the United States returned control to Japan with the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security. Despite giving the islands back to Japan, the U.S. still maintains a large military presence in Okinawa.Today, the United States currently has 14 military bases on the Okinawa Islands, most of which are on Okinawas largest main island.Because Okinawa was a separate nation from Japan for much of its history, its people speak various languages that differ from traditional Japanese.Okinawa is known for its unique architecture that developed as a result o f frequent tropical storms and typhoons in the region. Most of Okinawas buildings are made of concrete, cement roof tiles and covered windows. Sources Mishima, Shizuko. The Okinawa Islands, Mapped Out. Trip Savvy, March 26, 2019.

REPORT ON HIGHER EDUCATION IN QATAR (Part in green2) Research Paper

REPORT ON HIGHER EDUCATION IN QATAR (Part in green2) - Research Paper Example One major challenge that is hindering the progress of Higher Education Sector is less number of male students and increasing dropout rate of students at the secondary education level (ElGahnem, 2012). The declining number of male students in higher education is because of their responsibility of supporting their family and they easily get attracted to jobs that require fewer skills. Most of the students lack vision about their future studies and are reluctant to explore new areas of studies; recently, the demand of graduates in healthcare, research and technological fields has increased and each one offers attractive career opportunities for graduates who acquire education in these fields. In Qatar, there are less opportunities for students as institutions offering these programs are new ones and attracting students is a bit difficult for them (Khodr, 2011). Initiatives taken for promoting Higher Education and Role of Overseas Universities In order to help students in gaining access to top ranked universities, public and private organizations are taking huge measures. All concerned authorities are working together to tackle challenges being faced by Higher Education sector so that they can provide right guidance to the future workforce of the country (Sawahel, 2012). Qatar’s government has observed that students are unable to get qualified for admissions in leading universities because they lack the skills and intellectual capabilities as the education system of the country does not match the standards set by international bodies. Qatar National Vision 2030 has been launched in November 2008 with the aim of providing support to the education system of the country. In the report, all initiatives that have been taken and those that will be implemented are provided with complete details (UNDP, 2012). The foremost initiative taken is development of Supreme Education Council which is responsible for designing and implementation of policies for promotion educa tion at all levels especially higher education so that the workforce is compatible to meet demands of country’s economy. Secondly, social mediums are being used by Qatar Foundation and Ministry of Education to create awareness about various career opportunities existing for the students along with attracting students to get enrolled in such programs. Incentives are being offered to students so that they are encouraged to acquire higher education such as study abroad on scholarship and getting enrolled in part-time education program along with work (Khodr, 2011). In order to provide directions related to vocational and technical education to students who cannot meet university’s admission criteria, they are offered the opportunity of getting enrolled in Diploma courses being offered by Qatar Founda

Impact of culture on online consumer purchase decision Thesis Proposal

Impact of culture on online consumer purchase decision - Thesis Proposal Example The present research has identified that the advent of the internet in the business has significantly transformed the business. Organizations are making constant efforts to win the customer on multiple channels. Immense literature has been developed to explore the impact of different factors on the consumer purchase decision. The increasing role of the internet has led the researchers to explore the factors that play an effective role in driving consumer to transact online. Culture as a factor has received limited attention. Hence, the problem statement for this proposed study is an exploration of the role of culture on the whole in affecting the consumer purchase decision while making an online transaction. The aim of the study refers to the central idea around which the entire study revolves. With this definition at work, the aim of this study is to determine the impact of culture on the purchase decision of the consumer while making an online transaction. With this aim, following objectives are planned to be achieved: In the light of a specific definition of the culture, identification of a specific set of factors that determine the culture. Â  Exploration of the impact of culture on consumer decision-making process. Exploration of the difference in consumer decision making process in online and offline transaction. Exploration of different factors of culture on the online consumer decision making process.

Hull House, Chicago Illinois Essay Example for Free

Hull House, Chicago Illinois Essay Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr’s work of architecture spree, beautifully designed and of scholarly taste, artistic designs and with the flavor of social touch and as said by Regina Buccola â€Å"the vanguard of the world wide settlement House movement†, was dawned in 1889 as Hull House. It was first among the few settlement houses with uniqueness lying in its spearheading a national movement making the path for the establishment of five hundred more settlements by 1920. Addam’s efforts earned it as one of the most reputed settlement houses in the United States. Hull House became a landmark piece more as a political and social intrigue instead of architectural. The complex was a dream of Addams to make it a place for the social and economic emancipation of women. She was from the prosperous family and was very well conscious of her position as among the few of the first generation of women getting opportunity for education. Hull House was part of her passionate appeal to bring the women at the front, and give them liberty to assert their thought process. Hull House was primarily run by women, although men were also involved in it as well. In its vicinity, women found liberated from subjugation while giving them lots of opportunities in the public sphere. Many of the buildings of Hull House were designed by architect Allen Pond taking the inspiration and idea from the Gothic architecture of Toynbee. While looking at the interior design of the Hall House, one can see the structure itself embodying philosophies of social reformer John Ruskin and the arts and crafts movement of the time. The main mission behind the settlement was opening of avenues for spreading education and giving women opportunities for participating in social activities. Besides providing needed help to the people, ladies residing in the Hull House were actively participating in social reforms on the local, state and national levels. Hull House was thus the home not just for individual advancement but also for changes that impacted society as a whole. In many decades that followed Hull House became the avenue for the several female figures including Florence Kelley, Alice Hamilton and many more who were instrumental in initiating many of the reforms. Florence and Alice were the ones who validated the social problems of Chicago such as child exploitation, unhealthy and dangerous living and working conditions. It was on account of their efforts that led to the passing of the legislation for meeting educational needs of students, for providing compensation to workers, making it mandatory for the companies to provide occupational safety and fulfilling several of the social issues. Hull House was also the avenue for the building of first public playground and bathhouse, and created awareness on cleanliness and sanitation issues and their initiation towards formulation of the legal reforms, which led to the setting of the first juvenile court in the United States. Members of the Hull House had an incredible influence on the setting of urban planning and directing the nationwide transition toward setting of branch library systems. They also initiated upon making proposals for setting up public dispensary to provide nutritious food for the sick, a child day care center and public baths for the underprivileged sections of the population. It also became a rejuvenating force behind the changed social and political order. To add to it Hull House also saw the establishment of ‘Chicago Arts and Crafts Society’. Journalist Paul Kellogg also termed the group of Hull House residents as the â€Å"Great Ladies of Halsted Street† as to their altruistic efforts. The Hull House complex was fully accomplished seemingly forming into full circle by the end of twentieth century. Now the University of Illinois spread on to the city block with the original one mansion and one adjoining structure all that remains on the site. These two buildings now support the ‘Jane Addams Hull-House Museum’. Though now it does not have any centralized location still it is rendering its base for the various social service activities and programs through out the city. Hull House was no doubt an avenue of great historical importance, for the initiation of many of the reforms to its credit but it cannot be deemed as a great endowment for architectural delight. Thomas Wolfe was highly critical of the buildings and the mansions influenced by Modern Architecture and International Style in his book From Bauhaus to Our House. He criticized the architectural works for their adhering and laying base to their thoughts process to theory and placing the architecture on the political philosophy. He said that like in the literature or the works of art, if the scrutinized eyes of creators frame the architecture world, no one would appreciate it. According to Wolfe, many of the architects had no prior goals but to be always thinking like futuristic. All in all, Hull House will always remain as an emblem of social grace and reformation.

Hemispheres Of The Brain :: essays research papers

Hemispheres of the Brain   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As I was reading the text I came upon a section that I thought to be quite fascinating. It talked about people who have a brain that functions like two different people inside of the brain. This is of course the Split-Brain Personality. As I studied this topic in more detail I found it to be quite broad and yet very detailed. I found that I needed a dictionary to be able to read all of the medical journals and books that are out there, to be able to understand what it was exactly, that I was reading. But with a little study and research I found that this is a precise science that is still largely full of mysteries. The study of hemispheric asymmetry with in the cerebral cortex had long been a fascination with the human race. The ancient Aztec cultures used to perform a type of brain surgery on humans. This is evident from the human remains that we find with incisions and piece's missing of the skull. Whether or not these primitive surgeries were successful is unknown. The earliest way for man to observe the brain was by noticing brain damage to a particular area of the brain that was damaged. Such observations were first recorded some 5,000 years ago (Myers,1995). The most popular case is that of Phineas Gage a railroad worker that had severe frontal lobe damage. This happened when a rail road spike was shot through his head by a piece of dynamite. Miraculously he lived through the experience, but with a severe change in his personality. From this physiologists learned that personality was largely controlled from this point namely by removing a persons inhibitions. For the most part the brain has been a mystery that is waiting to be opened. The last two decades have witnessed a period of research on the human cerebral functions comparable to the great era of discovery initiated by Broca in 1861(Young, G,. Segalowitz, S,. Corter, C,. Trehub, S,.1983). We have leaned more in the past 20 years about the brain and it's hemispheric asymmetry than we had learned in combined previous history.(Kosslyn, 1993). Most of this new work has been devoted to the study of cerebral functions in adults, but recently there has been a growing interest in infants and young children most especially among the study of hand preference. About 10 percent of the human population in left-handed(Myers,1995). By looking at ancient writings this right-hand preference has seemed to develop right from the start of the human race. It also is apparent that from ultrasound devises that about 9 in 10 fetuses suck

Mogen Inc. Essay

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In 2006, Merrill Lynch become the lead book runner for a $5 billion convertible bond issue for MoGen, Inc., which was the single-largest convertible bond issuance in history. Merrill Lynch’s Equity Derivatives Group needed to convince MoGen’s management of the best coupon rate and conversion premium for MoGen and the potential investors in the issue. BACKGROUND MoGen, Inc was one of the leading company in the biotechnology industry. MoGen (Molecular Genetics) emerged with two of the first biologically derrived human therapeutic drugs that helped to offset the damaging effects from chemotherapy for cancer patients undergoing treatment. This products were the first â€Å"blockbuster† drugs to emerge from the nascent biotechnology industry. SWOT ANALYSIS 1.Strength : †¢Leading company in biotechnology industry. †¢Succesfully treating the patient as well as making the company competitive leader in drug quality. †¢Credit rating A+ 2.Opportunity : †¢Tren gaya hidup masyarakat yang mulai mementingkan kesehatan †¢Munculnya berbagai gangguan kesehatan di zaman modern 3.Threat : †¢Faced uncertainty of new product creation. †¢Competitive threat of follow-on biologics or â€Å"biosimilar† began emerging.

Bancassurance in Asia

China Traditionally, the main distribution channel for insurance in China has been through agents. However, with the introduction of bancassurance this has changed. The bancassurance models followed in China are distribution and joint ventures. The effect of bancassurance in the first quarter of 2010, was an increase in total premium income to $26. 91 billion, up 44% compared with the same period of 2009, this represents 8% higher compared to the overall insurance industry growth within the same period. Cotham, 2010) The main contributing factors for this trend have been the rapid growth of the Chinese economy leading to higher per capital income and the multiple economic reforms leading foreign companies to enter the insurance industry. In addition, the regulations introduced in 2003 played a major factor for the bancassurance growth. These regulations permitted banks to have multiple insurers as suppliers (â€Å"many-to-many† model).For instance, some major banks worked with 30 different suppliers for life insurance, and as many as 10 for property and casualty insurance. (Paribas, 2012) Although this model created growth, recently it has contributed to the slow down in the bancassurance market. Through this model, numerous complex insurance products were created and offered to clients by bank staff with minimal insurance expertise. As a result, demand decreased due to the lack of consumer understanding of the product and lack of trust.In addition, other major challenges in the bancassurance market are the financial market volatility (which makes insurance products less appealing compared to other wealth management products), intense competition and constant changes in regulations (particularly the introduction of CBRC 90 which prohibits insurance salesman from selling in banks). In turn, sales have declined. For instance, in 2011, sales through the bancassurance channel declined significantly and were blamed for an overall slowdown in premiums growth, from 29 percent to 11. KPMG,2012) India Just as in China, insurance products in India have been sold traditionally through agents. In addition, the insurance industry was entirely monopolized by the public sector. However, since the opening to private companies in the early 2000’s bancassurance through the distribution model has gained market share. In fact, it now accounts for about 25 per cent of new business for private insurers, with trends indicating that the proportion could rise to 40 per cent by the year 2013 (Cotham, 2012).In addition, India’s rapid economy has also played a major factor on bancassurance growth. However, just as China, India faces major challenges. The major challenges are poor manpower management, lack of a sales culture within the bank, no involvement by the branch manager, insufficient product promotions, failure to integrate marketing plans, marginal database expertise, poor sales channel linkages, inadequate incentives, resistance to chan ge, negative attitudes toward insurance and unwieldy marketing strategy. (Sarvanakumar, 2012)

Free Essays on Cyberpunks

Timothy Leary‘s essay entitled â€Å"The Cyberpunk: The Individual as Reality Pilot† first appeared in Chaos and Cyber Culture in 1994. Leary defines cyberpunks as â€Å"Cyberpunks use all available data-input to think for themselves.† He writes about â€Å"the cyberperson, cybertech and cyberpolitics.† The cyberperson is the one who pilots his/her own life. They continually search for theories, models, paradigms, metaphors, etc. Leary says cybertech refers to the tools, appliances and methodologies of knowing and communicating. He also says Cyberpolitics introduces the use of language and linguistic-tech by the ruling classes in feudal and industrial societies to control children, the uneducated, and the underclass. Cyberpunks are those who use all available data-input to think for themselves. Leary also touches on the word governetics which refers to an attitude of obedience-control in relationship to self or others. Leary gives a few examples of cyberpun ks included on that list are: Christopher Columbus, mark Twain, and Mathias (Rusty) Rust. War Games is an electronic quantum signal, a movie about high-tech computers and human evolution that illustrates and condemns the use of quantum-electronic knowledge technology by governors to control. Leary writes about the Cyberpunk as role model for the 21st century in his final paragraph.... Free Essays on Cyberpunks Free Essays on Cyberpunks Timothy Leary‘s essay entitled â€Å"The Cyberpunk: The Individual as Reality Pilot† first appeared in Chaos and Cyber Culture in 1994. Leary defines cyberpunks as â€Å"Cyberpunks use all available data-input to think for themselves.† He writes about â€Å"the cyberperson, cybertech and cyberpolitics.† The cyberperson is the one who pilots his/her own life. They continually search for theories, models, paradigms, metaphors, etc. Leary says cybertech refers to the tools, appliances and methodologies of knowing and communicating. He also says Cyberpolitics introduces the use of language and linguistic-tech by the ruling classes in feudal and industrial societies to control children, the uneducated, and the underclass. Cyberpunks are those who use all available data-input to think for themselves. Leary also touches on the word governetics which refers to an attitude of obedience-control in relationship to self or others. Leary gives a few examples of cyberpun ks included on that list are: Christopher Columbus, mark Twain, and Mathias (Rusty) Rust. War Games is an electronic quantum signal, a movie about high-tech computers and human evolution that illustrates and condemns the use of quantum-electronic knowledge technology by governors to control. Leary writes about the Cyberpunk as role model for the 21st century in his final paragraph....

Basketball Match That Crazes You And Others English Literature Essay

Basketball Match That Crazes You And Others English Literature Essay Growing up in New York City is never complete without a touch of basketball which is one of the most famous sports in that community. Kids from all over the neighborhood would gather up at the upper east park. We would all stand there and pick the two most controversial teams in the NBA and play with their names. The joy of a basketball match for a player is to win as it is for the supporters, and to do so convincingly. Imagine entering in to the match as underdogs and coming out as the victors. My mind goes crazy when the fans go on chanting slogans in praise of a team that is performing extra ordinarily. A great feeling of self esteem and feeling like jumping out of my skin accompany the continuous overwhelming celebrations. To best illustrate the feelings of going crazy, I am compelled to describe one of my most exciting experience. There are no feelings of such high spirit as described in an indeed crazy match I participated in. Basketball has always been one of Americas exiting sport. It is a sport that not only provided thrilling excitement, but also true team spirit full of satisfaction. In addition, the motivation which superstar basketball players gave us when making the high basket of 7 to 8 feet high was so immense. This sport has shown me how important it is to keep doing what I love. Throughout junior and high school I played for my school. My high school matches were so memorable to me because I enjoyed them to the fullest. I was just so crazy to know how much power and energy a simple guy like me could get, in one small gym court. Just the thought of it made me crazy. In the locker room I heard the murmuring of the guys talking about their day and the rustling of them getting their jerseys and shoes on. Coach walked in, the room silenced. He gave his preamble speech, his voice echoing off the lockers, everyone listening to him as if he was public speaker. The speech of the coach was full of energy and it made all players more energetic as well a s it made me crazy and excited to play the game in more aggressive manner compared to opposing team for the purpose to win with flying colors. I was feeling more energetic and trying to relax from all personal worries and issues of daily life. The purpose would be to concentrate on the game and play it with absolute focus. Most of the audiences of this basketball match were becoming crazy to watch the exiting game, as well as me. It is very essential in the basketball to co-ordinate in effective and efficient manner. Therefore after the coach’s speech we all spend a few minutes to make some strategies in our minds individually. When we all young boys had made their personal strategies basketball team huddle, we talk game strategy and who’s going to have a big game. Outside the locker room we could hear the crowd roaring â€Å"let’s go, let’s go tigers!† that made all of us and the audience go crazy with excitement.

Organisational Change Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Organisational Change Management - Essay Example As it is evident in any organization, the vision and mission always enable a company achieve its objectives when adhered to. For instance, the success that was attained by Enron Company before its collapse was attributed to the investments and the commitment they made on the objectives and vision of the company (Dimma, 2002). It is evident that D2, like any other company such as Enron was able to achieve the same success. The fact that one of the plants of D2 was in a strategic place in the UK shows that the company was well placed in the European market. The company has been able to manage the competitive market in the manufacturing industry despite the stiff competition from manufactures from other countries with lower cost of services. However, in the recent past, D2 has gone through economic difficulties and is struggling to survive in the market due to economic downfall and the world’s financial crisis in the recent past. This therefore called for the management of the co mpany to make some changes to enable the company continue with its activities and fulfill its vision. As it is argued by Dimma, a good board of management in an organization is one which can be able to foresee a problem coming and be able to lay down a solution to the problem. The management board of D2 has had to take an urgent decision aimed at cutting down costs. The decision was to stop production of some components and focus on others in fewer sites than the one they operate with. This strategy was basically aimed at minimizing the costs and ensuring that the number, and not the variety, of goods produced will increase and hence get more benefits. This decision was taken by the management board as a quick remedy for the current problems faced by the company. The decision has already been made and is yet to be announced to the rest of the employees (Seel, 2006). In ensuring the benefits from economies of scale, the company decided that the production at Blois which is the main f actory in France is expanded. The main reason is because Blois has the most advanced technology than the other plants and there is still room for expansion in the company. This move is believed by the management that it’s the best in cutting down the costs of the company. The management has also suggested a closure of the manufacturing plant in the UK as another second step since it is the most outdated manufacturing technology (Seel, 2006). The workers at the UK plant which is to be closed are so much hopeful of the company investing more in their region as they expect. However, it is obvious that the company will not be able to offer employment opportunities to her workers in the other plants in France and Spain and there will be so much loss of manpower due to this closure (Seel, 2006). D2 wants product development engineers (B2) team to be relocated to Blois from Didcot since there will be no more work at Didcot. This is the group that has been behind the success of the c ompany before the current recession. Didcot is an international centre and has been a place where production of auto products is done by many other companies apart from D2. This has therefore led to the place being a world class production area with plenty of